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3 Department of Pharmacology;
1 Division of Pediatric Critical Care
Medicine,
Our group recently reported that
cultured sheep pulmonary artery endothelial cells (SPAECs) became
resistant to lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced apoptosis several days
after constitutive synthesis of nitric oxide (NO) after adenoviral (Ad)
transfer of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) or exposure to the NO donor
S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP) (E. Tzeng, Y.-M. Kim, B. R. Pitt, A. Lizonova, I. Kovesdi, and
T. R. Billiar. Surgery 122:
255-263, 1997). In the present study, we confirmed this
observation by establishing stable transfectants after retroviral gene
transfer [replication-deficient retrovirus (DFG)] of human
iNOS (DFG-iNOS) SPAECs and then used all three approaches (Ad, DFG, and
SNAP) to determine underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon. Continuous
endogenous production of NO in itself did not cause apoptosis as
assessed by phase-contrast microscopy, nuclear morphology, and
internucleosomal DNA fragmentation. Prolonged (72-96 h) synthesis
of NO, however, after DFG- or replication-deficient adenovirus
(Ad.CMV)-iNOS or SNAP (100 µM, 96 h) inhibited LPS-induced apoptosis.
The kinetics of such protection suggested that NO may be inducing other
gene products. Ad-mediated transfer of manganese superoxide dismutase
(MnSOD) decreased the sensitivity of wild-type SPAECs to LPS-induced
apoptosis. MnSOD, however, was not induced in an
NG-monomethyl-L-arginine
(L-NMMA)-sensitive
time-dependent fashion after Ad.CMV-iNOS. Other inducible genes that
may be affected by NO and that may protect against potential
oxidant-mediated LPS-induced apoptosis including 70-kDa heat shock
protein, heme oxygenase-1, metallothionein, and Bcl-2 also were not
elevated in an L-NMMA-sensitive,
time-dependent fashion. Although the candidate gene product underlying
NO-induced protection remains unclear, we did note that prolonged
synthesis of NO inhibited LPS-induced activation of an
interleukin-1
-converting enzyme-like cysteine protease (cysteine
protease protein-32-like) in a dithiothreitol-sensitive fashion,
suggesting that S-nitrosylation of an important downstream target of
convergence of apoptotic signals may contribute to the sensitivity of
SPAECs to LPS.
cysteine protease protein-32-like protease; manganese superoxide dismutase; mitochondria; heme oxygenase; Bcl-2
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