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Departments of 1 Anesthesiology, 2 Pharmacology and Toxicology, 3 Physiology and Biophysics, and 4 Comparative Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama 35233-6810
We assessed whether reactive oxygen-nitrogen
intermediates generated by alveolar macrophages (AMs) oxidized and
nitrated human surfactant protein (SP) A. SP-A was exposed to
lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/ml)-activated AMs in 15 mM HEPES (pH 7.4)
for 30 min in the presence and absence of 1.2 mM CO2. In
the presence of CO2, lipopolysaccharide-stimulated AMs had
significantly higher nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity (as
quantified by the conversion of
L-[U-14C]arginine to
L-[U-14C]citrulline) and secreted
threefold higher levels of nitrate plus nitrite in the medium [28 ± 3 vs. 6 ± 1 (SE) nmol · 6.5 h
1 · 106
AMs
1]. Western blotting studies of
immunoprecipitated SP-A indicated that CO2 enhanced SP-A
nitration by AMs and decreased carbonyl formation. CO2
(0-1.2 mM) also augmented peroxynitrite (0.5 mM)-induced SP-A
nitration in a dose-dependent fashion. Peroxynitrite decreased the
ability of SP-A to aggregate lipids, and this inhibition was augmented
by 1.2 mM CO2. Mass spectrometry analysis of chymotryptic fragments of peroxynitrite-exposed SP-A showed nitration of two tyrosines (Tyr164 and Tyr166) in the absence of
CO2 and three tyrosines (Tyr164,
Tyr166, and Tyr161) in the presence of 1.2 mM
CO2. These findings indicate that physiological levels of
peroxynitrite, produced by activated AMs, nitrate SP-A and that
CO2 increased nitration, at least partially, by enhancing
enzymatic nitric oxide production.
nitric oxide; peroxynitrite; nitrotyrosine; protein oxidation; alveolar epithelium; acute respiratory distress syndrome; hypercapnia; mass spectrometry
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