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1 Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratory, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, and 6 Department of Basic Science and Oral Research, School of Dentistry, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver 80262; 2 Denver Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Denver, Colorado 80220; 3 Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093; 4 Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford 94305; 7 Department of Neurology, Ernest Gallo Clinic and Research Center, University of California, San Francisco, Emeryville, California 94608; and 5 Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas 77555
Individual protein kinase C (PKC) isozymes have been implicated in many cellular responses important in lung health and disease, including permeability, contraction, migration, hypertrophy, proliferation, apoptosis, and secretion. New ideas on mechanisms that regulate PKC activity, including the identification of a novel PKC kinase, 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK-1), that regulates phosphorylation of PKC, have been advanced. The importance of targeted translocation of PKC and isozyme-specific binding proteins (like receptors for activated C-kinase and caveolins) is well established. Phosphorylation state and localization are now thought to be key determinants of isozyme activity and specificity. New concepts on the role of individual PKC isozymes in proliferation and apoptosis are emerging. Opposing roles for selected isozymes in the same cell system have been defined. Coupling to the Wnt signaling pathway has been described. Phenotypes for PKC knockout mice have recently been reported. More specific approaches for studying PKC isozymes and their role in cell responses have been developed. Strengths and weaknesses of different experimental strategies are reviewed. Future directions for investigation are identified.
pulmonary disease; proliferation; apoptosis; 3-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1; receptor for activated C-kinase; transgenic mice
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