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Lung Biology Laboratory, Departments of 1 Medicine and 2 Pediatrics, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, District of Columbia 20007-2197
The lung's only known essential
function is to provide sufficient alveolar surface to meet the
organism's need for oxygen and elimination of CO2. The
importance of the magnitude of alveolar surface area (Sa) to
O2 uptake (
O2) is supported
by the presence among mammals of a direct linear relationship between
Sa and O2. This match has been achieved,
despite the higher body mass-specific O2
of small organisms compared with large, by a greater subdivision of
alveolar surface, not by a larger relative lung volume in small organisms. This highly conserved relationship between alveolar architecture and O2 suggests the
presence of similarly conserved mechanisms that control the onset,
rate, and cessation of alveolus formation and alveolar size, which are
also influenced by retinoids and thyroid and corticosteroid hormones.
Furthermore, the "call for oxygen" is met at a breathing rate and
tidal volume at which the work of breathing is lowest. Thus there is a
complex, fascinating, but poorly understood, signaling relationship
among O2, the neural regulation of
breathing, and lung architecture, composition, and mechanics.
oxygen consumption; hyperoxia; hypoxia; calorie restriction; corticosteroid hormones; retinoids; thyroid hormone
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