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Pulmonary and Critical Care Division, Department of Medicine, Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia 30033
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(Mtb) infection induces the expression of matrix metalloproteinase-9
(MMP-9) in mouse lungs. In cultured human monocytic cells, Mtb bacilli
and the cell wall glycolipid lipoarabinomannan (LAM) stimulate high
levels of MMP-9 activity. Here, we explore the cellular mechanisms
involved in the induction of MMP-9 by Mtb. We show that infection of
THP-1 cells with Mtb caused a fivefold increase in MMP-9 mRNA that was associated with increased MMP-9 activity. MMP-9 induction was dependent
on microtubule polymerization and protein kinase activation and was
associated with increased DNA binding by the transcription factor
activator protein-1 (AP-1), which appeared to be important for MMP-9
expression. We then explored the surface molecules potentially involved
in Mtb induction of MMP-9, focusing on ligands of the mannose and
-glucan receptors. MMP-9 activity was induced by the mannose
receptor ligands mannan, zymosan, and LAM, whereas the
-glucan
receptor ligand laminarin was not effective. The most active inducers
of MMP-9 activity were the particulate ligand zymosan and LAM.
Pretreatment of cells with an anti-mannose receptor monoclonal
antibody, but not anti-complement receptor 3, decreased the induction
of MMP-9 activity by Mtb bacilli. Together, these results suggest that
MMP-9 induction by Mtb occurs by receptor-mediated signaling mechanisms
involving the binding of mannosylated ligands to mannose receptors, the
modulation by cytoskeletal elements such as microtubules, the
activation of protein kinases, and transcriptional activation by AP-1.
matrix metalloproteinases; mannose receptor; protein kinases; cytoskeleton; activator protein-1; Mycobacterium
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