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Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 294: L998-L1006, 2008. First published March 14, 2008; doi:10.1152/ajplung.00004.2008
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Differential roles of ATR and ATM in p53, Chk1, and histone H2AX phosphorylation in response to hyperoxia: ATR-dependent ATM activation

Amit Kulkarni and Kumuda C. Das

Department of Pathology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas

Submitted 2 January 2008 ; accepted in final form 11 March 2008

Elevated level of oxygen (hyperoxia) is widely used in critical care units and in respiratory insufficiencies. In addition, hyperoxia has been implicated in many diseases such as bronchopulmonary dysplasia or acute respiratory distress syndrome. Although hyperoxia is known to cause DNA base modifications and strand breaks, the DNA damage response has not been adequately investigated. We have investigated the effect of hyperoxia on DNA damage signaling and show that hyperoxia is a unique stress that activates the ataxia telangiectasia mutant (ATM)- and Rad3-related protein kinase (ATR)-dependent p53 phosphorylations (Ser6, -15, -37, and -392), phosphorylation of histone H2AX (Ser139), and phosphorylation of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1). In addition, we show that phosphorylation of p53 (Ser6) and histone H2AX (Ser139) depend on both ATM and ATR. We demonstrate that ATR activation precedes ATM activation in hyperoxia. Finally, we show that ATR is required for ATM activation in hyperoxia. Taken together, we report that ATR is the major DNA damage signal transducer in hyperoxia that activates ATM.

ataxia telangiectasia mutant; checkpoint


Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: K. C. Das, 4301 West Markham St., Slot no. 845, Little Rock, AR 72205 (e-mail: kdas{at}uams.edu)






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